July 6^th, 2023 - SYDNEY – Today, on World Zoonosis Day, global animal welfare organisation FOUR PAWS flags that governments have not learnt the lesson from COVID-19 that human, environmental and animal health must be addressed together to prevent another pandemic. The surging Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) outbreaks, commonly known as Bird Flu, are a case in point: a potentially “looming pandemic”, driven by the expansion of intensive farming. Governments hesitate to tackle this underlying problem, while time is running out.

The recent HPAI infections in Poland, which have killed nine cats in three separate regions, highlight the need for holistic prevention strategies. 

Wendla Beyer, FOUR PAWS Policy Coordinator, said, “What we are seeing in Poland is deeply worrying. This virus needs to be taken seriously, especially as the source of these infections has yet to be identified and there are no policies in place to address the underlying problem that has caused HPAI to spiral out of control, namely factory farming.

“Following on the heels of the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw the largest avian influenza outbreak worldwide, with devastating effects on animals, trade and the livelihoods of farmers. Infections in mammals spark fears of viral mutations that could become transmissible between humans, igniting a new pandemic. And now, as we have seen, house cats are dying from the virus.

“This is the looming pandemic if no action is taken to tackle the root cause of its unprecedented spread: industrial farming, which is driving the circulation and mutation of HPAI viruses. It's becoming obvious that biosecurity and vaccines are not enough to stop avian influenza; HPAI outbreaks are happening inside factory farms with the highest biosecurity too. Policy makers need to tackle the problem at its root.

“HPAI will cause untold damage, beyond what we have seen so far, if governments continue ignoring that factory farming accelerates the circulation and mutation of the virus. We need to reshape farming and our relationship to animals and ecosystems if we want to protect public health.”

With 75% of emerging human infectious diseases coming from animals, scientists and experts are highlighting the link between exploiting animals and increasing pandemic risks. Governments need to fully embrace the One Health approach, which seeks to optimise and balance the health of humans, animals and the environment. This is the only way to concretely tackle zoonotic diseases such as bird flu.

HPAI reached unprecedented geographic spread and record outbreaks, with 50 million poultry culled in the epidemiologic year 2021/2022 in Europe alone. In wild birds, avian flu is causing alarming mortality rates, threatening to wipe out endangered species. The virus killed hundreds of thousands of wild birds, including 10% of the Humboldt penguins in Chile in 2023 and 50,000 Peruvian pelicans and boobies in 2022; it is decimating breeding colonies at the time of writing.

In 2022, European Food Safety Authority figures show rising infections among mammals, alongside 52,000 minks being killed in fur farms, and 8,117 sea lions on the Chilean coast, among other species. Despite the magnitude of outbreaks, the increased risk of mutations transmissible among humans, the loss of animal lives and economic repercussions, there are no strategies in place to address the root causes.

Ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation and intensive farming accelerate the evolution and spread of emerging infectious diseases. In light of this reality, the One Health approach can foster transdisciplinary cooperation and community participation to develop comprehensive strategies that prevent outbreaks by balancing and optimising the health of people, animals and the environment and fostering wellbeing.

Yet current strategies against avian influenza do not reflect this approach.

Response measures rely on killing infected and healthy poultry near outbreaks, and policies focus on biosecurity and vaccine development. But evidence shows this is not enough.

Avian influenza outbreaks often occur in establishments without outdoor access, and poultry facilities with high biosecurity (eg. breeders) are also affected. Strategies lack focus on the root causes of zoonotic infections.

We cannot continue having this many poultry in factory farms as they exacerbate the circulation and development of avian influenza. Also, to limit viral transmission between facilities, we need to reduce the density of industrial farms. Decentralising production, including slaughter, is another key to limiting disease spread and animal welfare issues. Lastly, there should be no poultry farms near natural resting areas of migratory birds (wetlands), where the risk of inter-species contact and viral transmission is particularly high.

Beyer concluded by saying that, “We need to rethink production systems. Transitioning from industrial livestock facilities to small-scale farms where animals are kept in species-appropriate conditions will limit transmission, cullings, animal suffering, financial losses and risks to human and animal health.”

BACKGROUND

World Zoonoses Day commemorates the first vaccination administered against a zoonotic disease, rabies. It presents an opportunity to educate people and raise awareness of diseases that can spread between animals and people.

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